The Condylar Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Low-Level Laser Therapy and Grape Seed Extract on Functional Mandibular Advancement of the Rat Mandible.

Objective: Functional treatment of Class II malocclusion is expected to lead to adaptation in the condyle. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs), low-level laser therapy (LLLT), and grape-seed extract (GSE) on condylar growth after functional mandibular advancement. Methods: Forty-five rats were randomly divided into 8 groups. Functional appliances were applied to all groups (n=6) except the control group (n=3). One group was treated with appliances only; the other six groups received various combinations of ADMSCs, LLLT, and GSE. Analyses for new osteoblasts and new bone formation, vascular endothelial growth factor, and Type II collagen were performed on condylar tissues, after an experimental period of four weeks. The quantitative data obtained from the results of the experiments were evaluated by H-score and analyzed using One-Way ANOVA by Tukey-Kramer multiple comparisons test (p≤0.05). Results: Levels of all investigated parameters increased in all groups (p≤0.05). The highest increases were achieved by a combined application of functional appliance, ADMSCs, LLLT and GSE (p≤0.05). Single LLLT administrations or single GSE applications did not create a statistical difference from appliance alone (p>0.05). A positive effect of ADMSCs or LLLT on osteoblast formation, neovascularization, and Type II collagen level was apparent (p≤0.05), however, neither affected new bone formation (p>0.05). Conclusion: This study shows that ADMSCs with LLLT and GSE applications provide differing levels of new osteoblast and bone formation, new vascular formation, and Type II collagen formation in rat condyles after functional mandibular advancement.

The Use of 3D Printers in Orthodontics - A Narrative Review.

Developments in computer-aided design and three-dimensional (3D) printing have revolutionized the workflow for orthodontic applications. The purpose of this review article is to provide information about 3D printer history and types, appliances manufactured using 3D printers, and new designs that can be used in different cases. Articles published between January 2010 and November 2020 were reviewed on PubMed, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Elsevier, and Google academic resources, and 69 were identified as appropriate for the study. It was seen that bracket and archwires, nasoalveolar molding devices, orthognathic surgical splints, removable appliances, expansion appliances, clear aligner, retainers, auxiliary attachments, and working models can all be made with 3D printers. The 3D printer is now a technology that is easily accessible to orthodontists, increasing the production of different customizable appliances and promising a transition to a digital clinical workflow in the future.

Reverse Forsus vs. facemask/rapid palatal expansion appliances in growing subjects with mild class III malocclusions : A randomized controlled clinical study.

PURPOSE: To investigate the skeletal, dental, and soft tissue effects of reverse Forsus (RF; 3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA) and facemask/rapid palatal expansion (FM/RPE) appliances in growing subjects with class III malocclusions. METHODS: The data of this prospective randomized controlled trial (RCT) were derived from pre- and posttreatment/observation lateral cephalograms of 45 subjects with mild class III malocclusions: group 1 (8 girls, 7 boys; mean age 10.54 years) received a FM/RPE appliance; group 2 (6 girls, 9 boys; mean age 10.49 years) received the RF appliance; and an untreated control group (7 girls, 8 boys; mean age 10.66 years) was matched to the treatment groups with regard to sagittal skeletal and dental classifications. Angular and linear measurements were evaluated using lateral cephalograms. Statistical analyses were performed by one-way analysis of variance, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Kruskal-Wallis, paired-samples t­test, and Wilcoxon test, whereby p < 0.05 was accepted to be statistically significant. RESULTS: The intermaxillary (ANB), interdental (overjet), and sagittal lip relations in the FM/RPE and RF groups showed significant improvements compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Although the anterior and inferior traction of the maxilla was greater in the FM/RPE group compared to the RF group (p < 0.05), both treatment groups showed similar clockwise rotation of the mandible compared to the control group. While significantly more proclination of maxillary incisors occurred in the RF group compared to the FM/RPE and control groups (p < 0.05), both treatments led to significantly retroclined mandibular incisors compared to the control group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Both therapies led to intermaxillary and interdental improvements. The RF appliance had a limited effect on the maxilla and it mostly had dentoalveolar effects when compared to FM/RPE therapy.

Contamination of Low Frictional Elastomeric Ligatures by Streptococcus mutans: A Prospective RT-PCR and AFM Study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare Streptococcus mutans colonization between low-friction elastomeric ligatures and to correlate microbial colonization levels with the surface roughness status. METHODS: The study included 160 premolars of 10 patients. During the study period, which consisted of 4 sessions each lasting 4 weeks, the ligature types Slide™ Low-Friction Ligature (Leone, Firenze, Italy), Tough-O Energy™ (Rocky Mountain Orthodontics, Denver, USA), and Sili Ties™ (Dentsply Sirona, Surrey KT13 0NY, UK), and steel ligatures (American Orthodontics, Sheboygan, USA) as a control, were fixed to the premolar teeth by clockwise rotation among the jaw quadrants. The plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI) were obtained before bonding (T0), 6 weeks after bonding (T1), and subsequently every 4 weeks (T2, T3, T4). Presence of S. mutans was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction at T1, T2, T3, T4. Surface roughness was evaluated with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) before ligation (Ra0) and after (Ra1) ligation. The paired t-test, ANOVA, repeated measures of ANOVA, and the Kruskal-Wallis test were used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: S. mutans colonization was significantly higher on the Slide group (P < .05). The lowest Ra0 was seen in Slide and the highest was seen in the Tough-O Energy group. There was no correlation between S. mutans colonization and Ra1 parameters of elastomeric groups (P > .05). CONCLUSION: S. mutans colonization showed variations in low-friction elastomeric ligatures independent of surface roughness. Ringshaped low-friction elastomeric ligatures were not different from the steel ligature in terms of S. mutans colonization.

Correlation between the cephalometric measurements and acoustic properties of /s/ sound in Turkish.

Objectives To evaluate the acoustic properties of the /s/ sound in individuals with different occlusion types and to investigate relationships between these properties and cephalometric measurements. Methodology Sixty patients were divided into three groups based on malocclusion. Group 1 included 20 patients (mean age: 14.85±2.01 years) with Class I skeletal and dental relationships. Group 2 included 20 patients (mean age: 13.49±1.78 years) with Class II skeletal and dental relationships. Group 3 included 20 patients (mean age: 12.46±2.62 years) with Class III skeletal and dental relationships. Cephalometric tracings were obtained from cephalometric radiographs. All included patients were native speakers of Turkish. The /s/ sound was selected for center of gravity analysis. Correlations between cephalometric values and acoustic parameters were also investigated. Results The center of gravity of the /s/ sound had the lowest value in Group 2 (p<0.05). For the /s/ sound in Group 3, moderate positive correlations were found between center of gravity and Sella-Nasion to Gonion-Gnathion angle (p<0.05, r=0.444) Lower incisor to Nasion-B point (p<0.023, r=0.505), and Lower incisor to Nasion-B point angle (p<0.034; r=0.476). No correlation was found in other cephalometric measurements. Conclusions The /s/ sound was affected by malocclusion due to the changing place of articulation. Therefore, referral to an orthodontist for malocclusion treatment especially patients with class III in the early period is suggested for producing acoustically ideal sound.

Effect of photobiomodulation therapies on the root resorption associated with orthodontic forces: a pilot study using micro computed tomography.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of photobiomodulation therapies on root resorption compared with the placebo group. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty patients who were admitted to the Gaziantep University Faculty of Dentistry Orthodontics Department for treatment, with an indication of upper right first premolar tooth extraction were included. Before the individuals' orthodontic treatment, 0.022 slot MBT brackets and tubes were placed on the maxillary first premolar and molar. A 150-g buccal tipping force was applied to the first premolar. Cantilever spring with 0.017 × 0.025 Beta Titanium wire was used for force application. Individuals were then randomly divided into three groups. For the first group, laser application was performed with an 810-nm GaAlAs laser device at 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days to 8 J/cm2. For the second group, an LED application according to the manufacturer's instructions with an 850-nm wavelength and 20 mW/cm2 output power for 10 min per day during the experiment. For the third group, a placebo therapy was completed whereby a laser device that did not make active pulses was used. At the end of 4 weeks, the amount of root surface resorption was compared using micro-CT imaging after the extraction of the teeth. RESULTS: No significant difference was found between the groups in terms of regional and total crater volumes. It was observed that photobiomodulation therapies were not different from the control group in terms of forming root resorption. CONCLUSIONS: It is seen that laser and LED photobiomodulation therapies used for accelerate orthodontic tooth movement do not differ from the control group in terms of forming root resorption. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: According to the results of this pilot study on this subject, which needs to be clarified with new findings in the future, LED and laser applications may not increase the risk for root resorption.

Correlation between the cephalometric measurements and acoustic properties of /s/ sound in Turkish

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the acoustic properties of the /s/ sound in individuals with different occlusion types and to investigate relationships between these properties and cephalometric measurements. Methodology Sixty patients were divided into three groups based on malocclusion. Group 1 included 20 patients (mean age: 14.85±2.01 years) with Class I skeletal and dental relationships. Group 2 included 20 patients (mean age: 13.49±1.78 years) with Class II skeletal and dental relationships. Group 3 included 20 patients (mean age: 12.46±2.62 years) with Class III skeletal and dental relationships. Cephalometric tracings were obtained from cephalometric radiographs. All included patients were native speakers of Turkish. The /s/ sound was selected for center of gravity analysis. Correlations between cephalometric values and acoustic parameters were also investigated. Results The center of gravity of the /s/ sound had the lowest value in Group 2 (p<0.05). For the /s/ sound in Group 3, moderate positive correlations were found between center of gravity and Sella-Nasion to Gonion-Gnathion angle (p<0.05, r=0.444) Lower incisor to Nasion-B point (p<0.023, r=0.505), and Lower incisor to Nasion-B point angle (p<0.034; r=0.476). No correlation was found in other cephalometric measurements. Conclusions The /s/ sound was affected by malocclusion due to the changing place of articulation. Therefore, referral to an orthodontist for malocclusion treatment especially patients with class III in the early period is suggested for producing acoustically ideal sound.

Assessment of the resin infiltration and CPP-ACP applications before orthodontic brackets bonding.

The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) gel and resin infiltrant on decalcified enamel, and to explain the correlation, if any, between ion release capacities and shear bond strength (SBS). A total of 80 premolar teeth were used (n=20). Group I was the control, while a demineralization protocol was performed for other groups. CPP-ACP gel and resin infiltrant, respectively, was applied to Groups III and IV. Pre and post-demineralization energy dispersive X-Ray analysis of all groups and post-application of Groups III and IV were undertaken. SBS tests were performed. Ca/P ratio significantly increased after the applications. Both agent groups showed a significant decrease in SBS values compared to others. There was no correlation between SBS and Ca/P ratio changes. It can be said that CPP-ACP and resin infiltrant therapies enhance the tooth mineral content, but show lesser SBS values than the control and demineralization only groups.

Evaluation of Airway Measurements in Class II Patients Following Functional Treatment.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of fixed and removable functional treatment on pharyngeal airway measurements in class II patients. METHODS: In this study, patients treated with fixed (Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device-FRD) and removable (twin-block-TWB) appliances were included (n=15, eight females, seven males in each group). These groups were compared with untreated individuals as the control group (n=10). The mean age of individuals was 13.22±2.39 years. Initial and post-treatment cephalometric radiographs were digitized, and the sagittal pharyngeal airway changes were evaluated. The pharyngeal airway was divided into the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx. The one-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test, and paired samples t-test were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: At the initial values, no statistically significant difference was observed between the groups. Only the ANB values differed between the groups (p<0.05). Although the skeletal effects of removable and fixed treatment were not exactly the same, the changes of the airway dimensions were similar. CONCLUSION: The TWB and FRD appliances lead to an increase in nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx sagittal dimensions. However, in terms of the effect on airway sagittal dimensions, there was no significant difference between treatment groups and the control group.

Effects of local platelet-rich plasma injection on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement in a rat model: A histomorphometric study.

INTRODUCTION: The aims of this study were to determine the effects of different concentrations of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on alveolar bone density and orthodontic tooth movement. METHODS: Seventy-six rats were divided into 2 groups: a moderate concentration PRP injection group (n = 38) and a high concentration PRP injection group (n = 38). In each group, 5 time points were studied: 3, 7, 14, 21, and 60 days. Before orthodontic mesialization of the maxillary first molars, moderate and high concentrations of PRP were injected on the right sides of the molar buccal sulcus, and the left sides served as the controls. Tooth movements were measured on 3-dimensional digital models. Alveolar bone volume density and osteoclastic activity in the first molar intraradicular areas were evaluated by histomorphometric analysis. RESULTS: Alveolar bone density was decreased in the experimental groups compared with the control groups (P = 0.0001) at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days. On day 3, osteoclastic activity of the experimental groups was higher than that of the controls (P = 0.044, P = 0.0001). On day 21, the amounts of tooth movement in the high-concentration experimental group were 1.7 times greater than in the high-concentration control group and 1.4 times greater than in the moderate-concentration experimental group (P = 0.001). On day 60, alveolar bone density increased to the original levels in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: Injection of both moderate and high concentrations of PRP may accelerate orthodontic tooth movement by decreasing alveolar bone density on paradental tissues by enhancing osteoclastic activity in a transient way.

Effects of the Vertical Malocclusion Types on the Dimension of the Mandibular Condyle.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to find the relationship between mandibular condyle morphology and dental malocclusion in patients with anterior open bite, deep bite, and normal overbite. METHODS: Eighty patients were included in this retrospective study. All patients had skeletal Class II pattern. The initial panoramic radiographs of patients were digitized using a software program, and groups were compared in terms of condylar height, width, area, and perimeter. In addition, changes in the condyle surface shape were detected using the same panoramic radiographs. RESULTS: The mean width was 1.55±0.06 cm in the open bite group, 1.48±0.06 cm in the deep bite group, and 1.38±0.07 cm in the normal bite group. The mean height was 2.17±0.08 cm in the open bite group, 1.95±0.06 cm in the deep bite group, and 1.97±0.08 cm in the normal bite group. The mean area was 2.33±0.13 cm2 in the open bite group, 2.09±0.11 cm2 in the deep bite group, and 2.04±0.14 cm2 in the normal bite group. There was no statistical significant difference between groups in terms of condyle measurements and condyle surface shapes. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the vertical malocclusion type does not have a considerable effect on the mandibular condyle measurements and surface shapes.